Analyzing the Formation of Habits Using Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches

The propensity to be broke down is cigarette smoking. Around the age of 13 is the point at which I likely had my first cigarette. The propensity created from a took in conduct from the grown-ups around me and friend pressure. I can recollect a significant number of the grown-up figures around me, all the more so the grown-up guys, smoked cigarettes, and stogies. When I was a young lady there was not an age limit on purchasing cigarettes. My dad, who ran his body and bumper shop out the carport in the back yard would send me and my kin to the corner drugstore to purchase his KOOL cigarettes. The seventh grade is the point at which the companion pressure began.I recall sneaking the KOOL cigarettes out of my father’s pack and smoking while in transit to class with companions. Smoking didn't turn into a propensity at that point. I had more established sisters and consistently needed to tail them. So once I was in secondary school they let me spend time with them. I smoked to imagi ne I was as developed as they were. It despite everything had not become a propensity. After secondary school about the age of 19 is the point at which it turned into a propensity. I moved away from home and needed to do the things that adults do. Since smoking has shaped into a propensity my body desired the nicotine and this is the thing that took care of the propensity and made it continue.The propensity proceeded until my 29th year when I got pregnant with my little girl. The smoking most likely would have proceeded through pregnancy, however it made me wiped out. The smoking continued after birth for the following 15 years. During the period after birth I attempted to quit smoking a few times ineffectively, persuading myself that I delighted in smoking and was not prepared to stop. It was the nicotine fixation conversing with me. The majority of my companions smoke and it was something we did together When contrasting this propensity with the social character hypothesis, it mak es total sense.The conduct character hypothesis just arrangements with remotely perceptible things. This propensity came to fruition from watching and watching others. Attempting to do as others to fit in or be somebody not quite the same as who I was at that point, not realizing how irresistible this propensity could be. As an individual gets more seasoned the body doesn't permit one to proceed with the propensities that began in their more youthful years without outcomes. The impacts of maturing begin taking once again. In light of operant molding this propensity must be change. The impact of smoking in individuals with diabetes cause a high cardiovascular hazard, Diabeticnephropathy which causes kidney malady, hypertension, and hereditary inclination. Each visit to the specialist helped me to remember the outcomes of smoking. Operant molding (here and there alluded to as instrumental molding) is a technique for discovering that happens through remunerations and disciplines for co nduct. Through these prizes and disciplines, an affiliation is made between a conduct and a ramification for that conduct (Kendra Cherry, 2013). This molding made me quit this propensity. First I needed to settle on the still, small voice choice this would have been the finish of smoking.The plan was to stopped smoking without any weaning period; I would not like to substitute one medication to surrender another. I no longer permitted myself to purchase cigarettes. On the off chance that I had the inclination to smoke a cigarette, I would get one from another person, ideally non-menthol or not my image so it would not be fulfilling. All cash that should have been spent on cigarettes went into a bank account. Following a half year I had an investment funds of $360. 00. This is the place the operant conditions has an impact, that was an extraordinary prize. This was a hard propensity to change yet not as hard as I suspected it would be.Like any propensity or fixation I accept the indi vidual needs to need to roll out the improvement. Individuals who â€Å"relapse† settle on the inner voice choice to proceed with the propensity. Social subjective hypothesis (SCT) alludes to a mental model of conduct that began principally from crafted by Albert Bandura (1977; 1986). It was first evolved with an accentuation on the psychological procedure or procuring information on social practices, social intellectual hypothesis keeps on singling out that learning occurs in a social setting and that a lot of what is discovered is gained through watching others (The Gale Group, 2013).Cognitive-conduct hypothesis (CBT) alludes to the essential rule that a person’s discernments play a significant and significant job in the turn of events and upkeep of enthusiastic and behavâ ¬ioral reactions to life circumstances. In CBT models, psychological procedures, as implications, decisions, evaluations, and suppositions related with explicit life occasions, are the essential d eterminants of one’s emotions and activities in light of life occasions and in this manner either empower or keep down the procedure of adjustment (A. Antonio Gonzalez-Prendes and Stella M. Resko, 2013)After understanding both the social and conduct psychological speculations, I accept the intellectual conduct hypothesis has the most impact in the cosmetics of my character. The intellectual social hypothesis becomes possibly the most important factor when I am attempting to arrive at self-completion thought processes as depicted in Maslow’s chain of command of requirements. I will in general respond on sentiments as a rule, which will either empower or keep down the procedure of adjustment. Taking everything into account, I am finding that considering the various speculations of conduct is giving me a superior comprehension of the manner in which individuals act and think. This hase been an instructive class.

Arrange Direct Deposit With the Canada Revenue Agency

Orchestrate Direct Deposit With the Canada Revenue Agency The administration of Canada has been pushing to eliminate the utilization of paper checks for government installments. The individuals who havent yet joined up with direct store can at present get paper checks, however the administration is attempting to move whatever number individuals as could be allowed to the electronic choice. Its a discretionary (however emphatically suggested) perk for anybody getting government checks of any sort. The Canadian government started its crusade to change over individuals to the immediate store alternative start in 2012. It assessed that the expense of delivering a check was around 80 pennies while making an immediate store installment costs the Canadian government around 10 pennies. Government authorities said they expected to spare about $17 million yearly with the transformation to coordinate store, and it would be a greener alternative too. Government checks are as yet being sent via mail in Canada to individuals living in remote territories where there is practically no entrance to banks. The remainder of the roughly 300 million government installments are being conveyed by means of bank direct store. Like with finance direct stores, the assets from Canadian projects are made accessible quickly upon issue, rather than the beneficiary trusting that the check will show up via the post office. The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) handles installments for a wide range of projects, and all are qualified for direct store installments. The rundown incorporates: Canadian personal assessment refundsGST/HST credit and any related commonplace paymentsworking annual tax cut (WITB) advance paymentsCanada youngster tax reduction (CCTB) installments and related common paymentsUniversal kid care advantage (UCCB) installments Change in Personal Information There are a few different ways Canadians can demand direct store of these installments or to educate the CRA regarding an adjustment in their bank or mailing data, which is required. You can utilize the My Account Tax Service on the web or send your personal expense form via mail. Canadians can finish a Direct Deposit Enrollment structure whenever, and send it by means of the mail. On the off chance that you want to refresh your data by telephone, call 1-800-959-8281. You can get help finishing the immediate store data, beginning or dropping the administration, changing your financial data or adding different installments to a current direct store account. Tell the CRA at the earliest opportunity about an adjustment in address or your installments, either by direct store or mail, might be intruded. You should likewise tell the CRA as quickly as time permits in the event that you change your financial balance. Try not to close the old ledger until you have gotten an installment in the upgraded one. Direct Deposit Not Required At the point when it initially started the push toward direct store, there was some disarray about whether it would have been required for Canadian government installments. Be that as it may, the individuals who like to get paper checks may keep on doing as such. The legislature wont eliminate paper checks altogether. On the off chance that youre not inspired by the program, essentially dont enlist.

Long-Term Memory Types, Duration, and Capacity

Long-Term Memory Types, Duration, and Capacity Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Long-Term Memory Types, Duration, and Capacity By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on June 18, 2019 Betsie Van Der Meer / Taxi / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Psychologists often talk about different types of memory. Long-term memories are a type of relatively lasting memory. What distinguishes these memories are that they tend to be stable and can last a long timeâ€"often for years. What Is Long-Term Memory? Long-term memory refers to the storage of information over an extended period. If you can remember something that happened more than just a few moments ago whether it occurred just hours ago or decades earlier, then it is a long-term memory. Some important things to know about long-term memory: Long-term memories are often outside of the conscious mind. This information is largely outside of our awareness but can be called into working memory to be used when needed. Some of this information is relatively easy to recall while other memories are much harder to access.Not all long-term memories are created equal, however. Information that is of greater importance leads to a stronger recall. You can usually remember important events such as your wedding day or the birth of your first child with much greater clarity and detail than you can less memorable days. While some memories spring to mind quickly, others are weaker and might require prompts or reminders to bring them into focus.Memories that are frequently accessed also become much stronger and easier to recall. Accessing these memories over and over again strengthens the neural networks in which the information is encoded, leading to the easier recollection of the information. On the other hand, memories that are not reca lled often can sometimes weaken or even be lost or replaced by other information. The Duration and Capacity of Long-Term Memory Through the process of association and rehearsal, the content of short-term memory can become long-term memory. While long-term memory is also susceptible to the forgetting process, long-term memories can last for a matter of days to as long as many decades. There are a number of factors that can influence how long information endures in long-term memory. First, the way the memory was encoded in the first place can play a significant role. If you were very aware and alert when you had the experience, then the memory will probably be a lot more vivid. As mention earlier, the number of times you access a memory can also play a role in the strength and duration of a memory. Not surprisingly, memories that you have to recall often tend to stick around and become much stronger. This is why repeating information over and over while you are studying leads to better recall on an exam. Types of Long-Term Memory Long-term memory is usually divided into two types â€" declarative (explicit) memory and non-declarative (implicit) memory. Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, include all of the memories that are available in consciousness. Explicit memory can be further divided into episodic memory (specific events) and semantic memory (knowledge about the world).Implicit memories are those that are mostly unconscious. This type of memory includes procedural memory, which involves memories of body movement and how to use objects in the environment. How to drive a car or use a computer are examples of procedural memories. Long-Term Memories Change The information-processing model of memory characterizes human memory as much like a computer. Information enters short-term memory (a temporary store) and then some of this information is transferred into long-term memory (a relatively permanent store), much like information being saved to the hard disk of a computer. When information is needed, it is called forth out of this long-term storage using environmental cues, much like accessing a saved folder on your computer. Accessing Memories Opens Them Up to Change Recent research suggests that memories are not saved in a static state and then pulled up with perfect clarity, however, as the information-processing model seems to suggest. Researchers have found that memories are transformed every single time they are accessed. Neurons first encode memories in the cortex and hippocampus. Each time a memory is recalled, it is then re-encoded by a similar, but not identical, set of neurons. Accessing memories often helps make them stronger, yet the research has found that this re-encoding can have an impact on how the information is remembered. Subtle details may change, and certain aspects of the memory may be strengthened, weakened, or even lost altogether depending up which neurons are activated. Long-Term Memories Are Not Set In Stone While long-term memory has a seemingly boundless capacity and duration, these memories can also be surprisingly fragile and susceptible to change, misinformation, and interference. Memory expert Elizabeth Loftus has demonstrated how easily false memories can be triggered. In one of her most famous experiments, she was able to get 25% of her participants to believe in a false memory that they had once been lost in a shopping mall as a child. Why is long-term memory so susceptible to these inaccuracies? In some cases, people miss important details about events. To fill in these missing gaps in information, the brain sometimes fabricates details that seem to make sense. In other instances, old memories can interfere with the formation of new ones, making it difficult to recall what actually happened. A Word From Verywell Long-term memory plays a vital role in your daily life, allowing you to build a foundation of information and memory that allows you to live your life. While it is easy to think of memories as something similar to files on a computer, research has shown that long-term memory is both enduring yet susceptible to error. You can also learn more about some of the major problems with memory, the top reasons why we forget things, and a few of the tricks you can use to improve your long-term memory.

The Reality Of Film Production And Consumption - 2132 Words

Superhero movies experienced a rise in production and promotion for the last decade; with success in apply the cinematic universe in popular culture. Two major American comics studios: Marvel comics and DC comics have been transforming their statics comics into a motion picture, Nevertheless, each studio has it own cinematic universe and they expand to include short films and TV series. As the following, this essay wills analysis the concept of genres with Marvel superheroes movies as an example. Genre is an ambiguous term in movies, because the nature of genre has no restriction, a movie can be involved with numbers of features from multiple â€Å"genres†, however, Genre become accessible with criticism, consumption and production. As Schatz, T. (1981) notes that â€Å"the nature of film production and consumption, identifying film genres scarcely involves the subjective, interpretive effort that it does in literature. â€Å" Having Captain America: The First Avenger as an example, ideology of the film is a nationalism of American in WW II, by showing the muscularity image of defeating a Nazi Colonel with a walking American flag with having American flag costume and shield appear in most of the screen time. Can this movie consider as a nationalism/American propaganda movie instead of a sci-fi superhero/war movie? or contain all of the elements, which have mentioned above in one movie? Edward Buscombe (1970) suggested identifying genres through their iconography – â€Å"their characteristic,Show MoreRelatedPopular Culture Film And Music1385 Words   |  6 PagesPopular culture film and music has long since been awash with drug references and imagery. 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Lies Youve Been Told About Narrative Essay Writing Samples

Lies You've Been Told About Narrative Essay Writing Samples When you want narrative papers which will let you get far better grades, make sure that you buy your papers from companies that has qualified essay writers. Narrative essays serve broad range of purposes. A narrative essay has a particular format, specific element to discover, and a particular motif. Narrative Essay Writing Samples Explained Consider what might happen as an outcome. There are several things worth sharing. To put it differently, it should give a concept of the subject of the essay which could be associated with an event or recurring activity, a personal experience, or an observation, and it's usually required to have a conclusion that creates a point. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. It's possible to include anecdotes. Look closely and you may find you have pages of material which shouldn't start your book. You're able to make a more original bit of writing. The reader should receive the thought of the entire essay from the introduction. It's tough to pick just 1 topic whenever there are so many you could write about. Even in the event that you take a notion from this kind of essay, make sure that you produce that idea in your words and cite some appropriate source. There are 20 topics below that could possibly be beneficial for you. Everyone is able to discover narrative essay topics and samples to her or his taste. Deciding on the topic for your essay could be the hardest part. The Fundamentals of Narrative Essay Writing Samples Revealed There's, obviously, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Do not risk by allowing amateur writers to make your content, whenever you have a fantastic chance samples of narrative essay outlines to get a high excellent paper written by our professionals at reasonable price. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, together with make sure you are getting the very best servic e our business can deliver. Additionally, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask her or him to make corrections. Morality has a collection of unsolved problems, the solution on which usually presents a decision. There are endless stories to tell, so select the one which will do the job best for the aim of your narrative. One of the greatest things about comic books and superhero movies is that so many encourage positive ideals like teamwork, selflessness and, first and foremost, bravery. So, it's a significant foundation for assorted epic stories! The Narrative Essay Writing Samples Pitfall You can proceed and ask another person to go through your essay so that you receive an original look at it. You're now prepared to tell your story of facing adversity, and everyone is prepared for it! You might consider writing about an armchair or something that's present in your room at this time. Regardless of what piece of writing you a re assigned at your institution, the comprehensive paper has to be interesting to read. The Battle Over Narrative Essay Writing Samples and How to Win It It's possible for you to come across narrative essay examples wherever you locate an excellent story. You are likely to be offered an essay on nearly every subject for a specific price. Though, there are specific patterns that you are going to follow when you compose a descriptive essay. If you wish to create a descriptive essay about your own personal experience, it could be unusual and specific. Sometimes though, just some of a Sample essay might help you. You don't need to buy a Sample essay, as it's entirely free. By viewing the Sample essay, you can choose whether you need to obtain an essay for yourself. Viewing a Sample essay and considering the matter of plagiarism is quite important. Getting the Best Narrative Essay Writing Samples There are various essay writing style which students have to use while writing narrative papers. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. They get some narrative papers assignment which they are not able to handle. They can find detailed information about essay writing and how to make their writing stand out.

The Long Campaign against Social Security Free Essays

Bush has proposed allowing workers to invest some of their federal retirement taxes themselves to earn a better rate of return — a partial privatization of the 65-year-old retirement system. For such a long time the Social Security have been viewed by most conservative as a way in which the power of the government expands. The Social Security is owned by the government. We will write a custom essay sample on The Long Campaign against Social Security or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is an insurance program that runs for more than 69 years and is designed as something that compulsory collect from the public as a payroll tax. The benefits that can be derived from the insurance program are disability, retirement and survivor benefits.   The problem with the Social Security arises on 1983 when the payroll tax that a person pays sometimes exceeds the benefits that the Social Security offers. In order to compensate with such a â€Å"hoax† as people started to call it, the Social Security invested the money in the Treasury Security that are deposited as a trust fund under the Social Security. Most people and politicians believe that the Trust fund does not exist anymore. Some say that it should have been invested into a private sector so people would know how the government spent the money. Since those who would benefit from the Social Security comprise a large number of voters, politicians have been extra careful when dealing with policy changes that would affect the Social Security. Since it was projected that the Social Security would face bankruptcy on the near future there have been several proposals regarding the way in which it could be run to yield more benefits in the future. Reagan in his early campaign suggested that the Social Security can be privatized. According to him, the privatization could be done by an introduction of voluntary features that would give the citizen a capability to act in accordance to their will. He further stated that he is against forcing any citizen into joining a compulsory public program regardless of the need. Nonetheless, when Regan have been a president he did not address the issue on privatization of Social Security and instead work on increasing taxes and the age of retirement to answer the possible problem in the Social Security. Regan have influenced the campaign on privatization but proved that radical changes needs long preparation and evaluation. President Bush proposed to partial privatized the Social Security in order to solve the upcoming bankruptcy.   Bush aims to give deliver the benefits of the Senior Citizens or the people who have invested in the Social Security while at the same time helping the younger generation to build their wealth through the system. Bush proposes the possibility of an individual and voluntary retirement account. President Bush’s proposal was known as progressive indexing which suggest maintaining the benefits for low income earners while slowly cutting down the benefits that high income earners receive. Works Cited Thomma, Steven. Social Security Overhaul is Long-Standing Conservative Dream. Commondreams.org. 2005.Retrieved on December 5, 2007. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0205-05.htm How to cite The Long Campaign against Social Security, Papers

Lisa OGrady Essays - Therapy, Testament Of Pope John Paul II

Lisa O'Grady Softball and Much More I was sitting alone on the front step of the school, worried about what I was getting myself into. It was the first day of softball tryouts my junior year, and I never even met my coach. I skipped the team meeting two weeks prior to tryouts, so I never got to meet her face to face. She is a gym teacher at the school, so I had seen her around all of the time. I was just too intimidated by her, so I never tried to talk to her. It turns out that this person that I was afraid to talk to at one point, has now had the biggest impact on my life, and taught me about softball and so much more. Before I move on, I would like to give you some insight into the aspects of my coach's life. Her name is Kristin Politi and she lives in New York. She graduated from Rutgers University where she played softball for the Lady Scarlet Knights. She started to teach at Roselle Catholic right out of college; she was only 22 years old. She teaches gym and health, coached boys junior varsity soccer, and varsity softball. Last I heard, she was a few months shy of obtaining a Masters from Montclair State University. She is now engaged to be married in May. The first day I met Kristin was at tryouts. As soon as she got there, she took attendance and introduced herself and her boyfriend to us. Her style of practice was one that I have never been introduced to before. We started off practice by taking a 15- minute run, and ending with sprint after sprint after sprint. I will never forget my first memory of Ms. Politi. It started to rain during the middle of practice, so the grass was slick. She was showing us how to round first base and head towards second the proper way, almost. She took the inside of the base while her friend, and former teammate, took the outside. She was making her turn and fell flat on her face. Everyone laughed at her-especially her boyfriend. It was at that moment that I realized two things: she had a great sense of humor and that softball would be fun. The first time that I ever spoke to her was the day before she made the final cuts. I went up to her and asked her very sheepishly if I could talk to her after our next practice. First she asked me if I was going to quit. After I said no, she said, "Well then, sure you can talk to me." At this point in my life, I was having a lot of trouble and I was in therapy. This would require me to miss at least the first or last half -hour of practice once a week. I felt it necessary to tell her about this dilemma before she made a list of the final team. I was very scared. She was very understanding though. She asked a few questions, but she really seemed to understand. I had only known Kristin for about a week or so when I went to her and trusted her with my deepest, darkest secret. I will never forget what she did for me, and the effort she put into helping. She might not think she did much, but she did in my eyes. She gave me a sense of security. I knew that if I ever needed to talk, or cry, she was there. I also knew that she would be honest with me and tell it like it is. I don't know how many times I found myself in her office sharing with her my thoughts and my fears. When I became a senior, I was really scared of graduating and leaving her, and her guidance, behind. I was not sure yet of what college I was going to attend; she helped with that too. I did know that I was no longer going to be living in New Jersey. I think what scared me the most was knowing that I could no longer walk down that hallway everyday either before gym class or

John Henry Clarke was an activist, nationalist, wr Essays

John Henry Clarke was an activist, nationalist, wr Essays John Henry Clarke was an activist, nationalist, writer, and leader who grew up in a poor family in Alabama. He was surround by people who loved him dearly, so in his mind he was rich with love. During his time in school he was told that African Americans didn't have any history and he also noticed that text books didn't elaborate on African American history. After he was told this he was decided to establish his history for himself. He traveled to Chicago and then New York where he enlisted in the army and earned the rank of master sergeant. He then selected Harlem as his place to study the true history of African Americans. He took some strategic steps to build a life of scholarship and activism in New York. He paved strong roads where he envisioned a mighty walk where he inspired and helped organizations to elevate African Americans. He became a participant in circles like Harlem's workshop studied history and world literature at New York and Columbia Universities and the league of professional writers. Clarke has wrote songs and short stories focusing on African Americans. He major publications were in the form of edited books, major essays, and book introductions. He has edited books on Malcolm X and Marcus Garvey. He has also published monographs for many activist leaders, such as W.E.B Du Bois. His latest work was Who Betrayed the African Revolution? that was a painful project for him. He had a chance to engage in dialogue at the major centers of higher education throughout North and South America, Europe and Africa. In Europe he witnessed that they colonized information about the world and images that included God and that put us in a trap by worshiping a God whose image we did not choose. He didn't take the insidious concepts and theories that he challenged facing. He had questioned the political judgmen t of those who painted Christ as white with his obvious noise and African nose, lips, and wooly hair. It was important to him to edit books because what it might be missing and false information. He had written songs that related was related with Christ being black and he had wrote hundreds of shorts stories. Clarke worked hard in earning numerous of honorary degrees. He has walked with kings, queens, presidents, and other heads of states. He has walked in numerous directions to understand and to establish the true history of African Americans. With his disability he still remained strong and accomplished his goals. Clarke is a leader who people should look up to from his history that he has made.

Word Choice Imply vs. Infer - Proofeds Writing Tips Blog

Word Choice Imply vs. Infer Word Choice: Imply vs. Infer The words imply and infer are often confused. Both are verbs relating to communication, but one refers to the speaker/writer, and the other applies to the listener/reader. In a conversation, for instance, one person could imply something, while the other would need to infer their meaning. This, in fact, is a good way to remember how these terms should be used: A speaker implies, while a listener infers. Read on to learn more. Imply (To Suggest) The verb imply means to suggest something through speech or writing without explicitly stating it. It would be used in a sentence like this: The President implied that he had no intention to introduce the law. Aside from direct communication, imply can also be used when drawing a conclusion that follows from particular situation, as in the sentence: His suitcase implied that he intended to stay the night. The word imply is occasionally also used to mean necessitates or entails, as in the sentence: A vacation to Japan implies air travel. Infer (Derive by Reasoning) The verb infer means reach a conclusion based on the evidence presented. This involves examining clues and making a judgment based on reasoning, rather than on the basis of explicitly stated factual information. For example, if you were to ask someone whether chocolate milkshake is the best flavor, the person youre speaking to could respond by pointing out that there are lots of different flavors of milkshake. Although this wouldnt be an explicit rejection of the superiority of chocolate milkshake, we could infer that the other person disagrees (or at least that they also like other kinds of milkshake) based upon what they have said. What a listener infers is not necessarily what was intended by the speaker. For instance, the listener might interpret what has been said incorrectly. Imply or Infer? Whether you need to use imply or infer in any given situation is all about point of view. The person speaking or writing is the one doing the implying. The person listening or reading is the one doing the inferring. If you would like more guidance regarding academic writing, or to have up to 500 words of your work checked for free, get in touch with the professionals at Proofed!

Team Working and Team Leadership are just 'idealised' managerial and Essay

Team Working and Team Leadership are just 'idealised' managerial and orthodox OB textbooks aspirations - Essay Example 16). According to Mullins in Original Emphasis, leadership is defined as ‘a relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other people.’ Mainly, there are two schools for the leadership, while one states that â€Å"good leaders are made not born† and the other states that â€Å"good leaders are born not made.† The two schools have their own supporting cases to claim that they are right. But in any situation the most important element of leadership is communication. Proper communication through any mode between leader and followers will make the process easy. The leadership is a quality achieved by desire and willpower. Endless process of self-study, education, training and experience is necessary for effective leadership. Here is one best example from an academic review about effective leadership. It states that â€Å"leader should primarily work through and with other people. In addition, effective leader should also help in establishing the conditions that enable their subordinates to be motivated and effective part of the organisation and the society. Aside from this, it can also be said that an effective leader should also credible. Credibility should always be considered as the foundation of  leadership. A leader should be credible for him to lead. Furthermore, to become a good leader, one must be honest, competent, aspiring and have the quality of having forward-looking approach.  In line with the political and business view, effective leadership proves to be quite beneficial. Effective leaders aids in efficiently meeting job-related demands. In addition, it also helps in creating higher-performing teams, as well as fostering renewed loyalty and commitment among the subordinates. However, this so-called effective leadership is not that easy to achieve. Effective leaders entail a lot of hard work, dedication, and other factors to mould an individual to become an efficient leader and to become a greater part of the success of the organisation† (Leadership Case Problem – Latham’s Leadership Lessons Leadership & Management 2011). Some leaders are getting best results from their team members or from the followers while some of them getting poor efforts. This is happening not only because of the poor employee skills, different kinds of leadership techniques and styles also have a part in it. These are the all things that we can understand from the orthodox text book aspiration of the Organizational Behavior Studies. But in reality, the management is always ends up with dissatisfied work groups and frustrated team leaders. Problems in Team Working: The main reason behind this is individual dysfunctional conflicts which decrease the creativity as well as productivity of the company. Working under poor leadership can be too frustrating and intimidating. If the team members are not confident about their leader what they should do? Certainly they will not be mot ivated or inspired by the leader’s activity. The important dysfunctional activities found in corporate are defensiveness, reluctance, romantic idealism, loss of confidence and disrespect. Some other problems in Team work are, Self Centeredness: Self centeredness is nothing but selfishness. These people always think about themselves only and that damages the interest of team. The solution for this problem is selflessness. The solution is not

Korea culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Korea culture - Essay Example In relation to music, Korean pop (K-Pop) is arguably the closest and greatest integration of the Korean culture. K-Pop music started around 1885 with the settlement of missionaries that taught a mixture of American and British folk songs to Koreans. However, the songs were sung in Korean lyrics implying that K-Pop is an integration of Western melodies sang in Korean. However, at this time the name K-Pop was not used as in the modern day and the music was commonly referred to as ‘changga’. In the later years during the Japanese rule, K-Pop was used as a mode of expression mainly targeting the oppression of the Japanese rule. For example, the song ‘Huimangga’, meaning the Song of Hope, was quite popular during this period. However, the rapid advancement of K-Pop was derailed by confiscation of the existing K-Pop records such as lyrics books. Nonetheless, there were some developments such as composition of songs that were a mixture of Korean traditional songs a nd gospel music taught by the missionaries. After the liberation of Korea from the Japanese rule in 1945, Korea was divided into two with major western settlements such as US troops focusing mainly on South Korea. During this time musicians like Marilyn Monroe took some performances to South Korea where there was further integration of Korean and Western music. This saw the rise of new Korean musicians such as ‘The Kim Sisters’ thereby increasing spread of K-Pop to different parts of the world. In 1970s there was increased focus on the younger generation such as in Universities. The younger generation was heavily influenced by the Western culture leading to a transformation of K-Pop following incorporation of guitars and the American hippie fashion style. In the 1990s K-Pop musicians such as ‘Seo Taiji and Boys’ adopted some aspects of the like rap, rock, and techno from the American music

Effects Different Types Of Discrimination And Oppression Can Have Social Work Essay

Effects Different Types Of Discrimination And Oppression Can Have Social Work Essay With particular emphasis on education this work will examine the effects different types of discrimination and oppression can have on minority groups in general, before progressing to address the effects on specific minorities. This will include considering the effects, personal, cultural and structural levels of discrimination have on groups such as: ethnic minorities, non-English speaking and disabled and low socio-economic status children. Focus will then shift to evaluate the success some informal measures have had in combating such effects and if they have redressed the balance for societies minority groups. In this respect, the impact of equal opportunities, anti-discriminatory practice, social inclusion, participation and empowerment and advocacy will be analysed through experiences of non-English speaking families, children of different sexual orientations, disabled and traveller children. The inter-relationship of these informal measures will be noted as will the multiplicity and increased magnitude the effects of discrimination will have on children belonging to more than one minority group. Social stratification refers to the way societies rank people into hierarchical categories, this is a means by which one group exerts power over another and can result in minority groups being discriminated against and oppressed when this power is unjust or cruel (Macionis and Plummer 2008). Discrimination can therefore be described as behaviour that has the effect of disadvantaging a particular group of people, and within multi-faceted societies a tendency exists to discriminate against groups based on factors such as gender, disability, religion, race and class (Malik 2009). Thompson (2003) argues, the major outcome of discrimination is oppression and the insidious relationship between the two, is that the former causes the later. Thompson (2006) also refers to his PCS analysis as a framework in recognising discrimination takes place via interlinked and constantly interacting relationships between ones personal feelings, cultural beliefs and messages received from a powerful structural level. This re-enforces the complex nature of the roots and explanations of discriminating behaviour. Adding to the complexities of discrimination are the types and various vehicles used to perpetuate it, one of which is stereotyping which can be both an unconscious and conscious processes (Malik 2009). Through stereotyping, some minority groups are labelled and negative images or expectations are attached to these groups (ibid). The effect of this, for young people from any of the previously mentioned minorities, can result in them engaging in a self-fulfilling prophecy loop, whereby one is conditioned to conform to other peoples expectations of them. Through this process the child will not fulfil their potential in life and their self-perception will be seriously affected resulting in low self-esteem (Malik 2009). Allowing some children to claim social superiority over another group based on race, gender, class and other social groupings, will result in false perceptions about society and an opposite self-fulfilling prophecy (Lindon 2004). The notion of racial discrimination resulting in low self-esteem was examined by Clark and Clark in a study into the effects of discrimination on self-perception of black children. They concluded, racial discrimination resulted in black children entering a cycle of self-hatred based on skin colour and consequently positive peer group identification suffered (Sturt 2000). In addition, children from ethnic minorities are at greater risk, than their non-ethnic minority peers, of experiencing direct discrimination in an educational setting through name calling or physical abuse from other children. This may result in negative feelings including isolation/exclusion from mainstream society, low self-worth, culminating in low educational attainment thus constructing barriers to future employment, health and life chances (United Nations 2000). This may be further compounded if these children do not have English as their first language, with non-English speaking parents and without adequate language support within the structure of the school setting. Discrimination such as this may be described as unconscious or institutionalised, or both, affecting a childs emotional, social and cognitive development whilst giving rise to feelings of; lack of cultural dignity, being ignored and avoided with a general lack of independence or empowerment leading to depression (Moonie et al 2000). This example provides a working illustration of interactions and relationships between Thompsons personal, cultural and structural levels of discrimination (Thompson 2006). Concerns over institutionalised and unconscious discrimination towards disabled children within school playgrounds were highlighted, in recent research by Wooley et al (2006). The effects of organisational, social, physical and attitudinal barriers on disabled children ranged from; shortened or no break-times, grouping all disabled children together during breaks, heightened concerns over risk taking resulting in limited play opportunities thus exclusion from peers, a disproportionate length of playtime spent in exclusively adult company to the playground environment not being adapted to suit the needs of disabled children (ibid). This gives rise to concerns including; isolation and exclusion of disabled children, educational institutions fostering a learned helplessness self-concept, and the increased probability of re-enforcing negative stereotypes of disabled children (Wooley et al 2006). The impact of discrimination for disabled children is heightened within education for those with dual memberships to minority groups, such as belonging to a low socio-economic group and being disabled (Oliver 2009). Effects of discrimination on disabled children outlined above, coupled with evidence that poorer children do not attain the level of qualifications their better off peers aspire to, are significant (Gentleman 2009). This is linked to a lack of equivalent advice, mentoring and support available to middle class children, as well a lack of finances playing a role in lower leaving age and non-take up of further/ higher education (ibid). The implications of belonging to poorer families has a bearing on childrens health, diet and impinges on all areas of development which then discriminates against high educational achievement, and low expectations of such children is reflected in results throughout the education system (Harman 2010). Bernstein (2003) further argues, through his elaborated and restricted code theory, lower class children are discriminated from any learning environment, as they are more comfortable using a restricted language code which assigns significantly different meanings to spoken language than their middle class peers who use an elaborated language code. He explains educators use this elaborated code, thereby discriminating against working classes, resulting in these children turning away from education due to feelings of; inferiority, boredom and not being represented in educational role models, resulting in low grades hence a repetitive cycle of generational poverty (ibid). Effects including those outlined above are a growing concern for society and have highlighted the increasing need to tackle discrimination with a positive attitude to change. Thus resulting in a two-pronged approach, using best practice/informal measures underpinned by formal legislation/policies (Millam 2002). Informal measures are not mutually exclusive in tackling discrimination. This is illustrated by elements of anti-discriminatory practice overlapping, supplementing and feeding into equal opportunities and social inclusion, thus promoting participation, hence enabling empowerment and advocacy (Malik 2009). Promoting equal opportunities within education is crucial if unfair inequalities between groups are to be successfully addressed (UN 2000). Therefore in schools which have children from ethnic minorities whose first language is not English, all barriers should be eliminated to ensure full participation from the child and their family (Moonie et al 2000). This might include ensuring newsletters and welcome signs within school can be understood by all families, arranging interpreters during parent/school consultations and providing children with individual support within the classroom (ibid). It is also important associated negative stereotypical images are eradicated from books within the classroom, and might also involve cultural and religious differences being celebrated by encouraging appropriate culture tables to be displayed and discussed (MIllam 2002). Whilst this informal measure might redress some imbalances and promote equal opportunities for non-English speaking children, teachers unions are concerned about the added burdens this incurs. Their worries relate to increased financial and resource pressures on individual schools and local educational authorities arguing promoting equal opportunities to this minority group seriously undermines the quality of education given to pupils as a whole (Kirkup 2007). Applying equal opportunities through anti-discriminatory-practice to eradicate discrimination and oppression can be aided by using Thomsons PCS analysis to understand and challenge such behaviour (Thompson 2006). Applying this theory to explain why children and teachers might practice hetrosexualism reveals that personal, direct prejudice against gays, lesbians or bisexuals is commonplace and rarely challenged, this is re-enforced culturally by negative stereotypical images and jokes aimed at this minority group and is backed up structurally by being seen as threatening to religious beliefs and family values (ibid). Understanding this relationship allows anti-discriminatory practice to be actioned on all three levels by; challenging discriminatory language, whether delivered through jokes or otherwise (Teacher Net 2007). Ensuring discussions are raised within school settings in order to eliminate negative stereotypes associated with persons of ] different sexual orientations, warrant ing all books do not depict only typical nuclear families and promoting sexual diversity in society in a non-threatening but serious manner (ibid). Some of the afore-mentioned anti-discriminatory practices may be relatively easily implemented in primary school settings, however, secondary schools prove more challenging environments to confront such discrimination and deep rooted prejudices (Curtis 2008). In some secondary schools staff report being afraid to challenge homophobia for fear of making themselves targets of abuse, or being seen to promote homosexuality. Teachers also feel they will not be supported by parents if they tackle homophobic behavior (ibid). This again highlights the interplay between Thompsons PCS levels and the direct, indirect and institutionalized nature, within education, of discrimination against this minority group (Thompson 2006). Social inclusion of disabled and special educational needs (SEN) children into mainstream education has been embraced by the Scottish Government (2007) whose main aim was, the achievement of equal access to, and participation in skills and learning for everyone, including those trapped by persistent disadvantage. CSIE (2008) believes inequalities and discrimination will reduce as a result of integration. Through valuing diversities between students and embracing all types of learners within the school community they see developmental benefits to all children. Integration is viewed as integral to the de-structuring of physical, societal, attitudinal and legal barriers confronted by disabled learners (ibid). There is however growing concern appropriate staff training and increased numbers of specialist staff are not in place within Scottish Education to make social inclusion of disabled children work (Montgomery 2004). These concerns are added to when statistics of exclusions from Scot tish Schools show that children with SENs in mainstream education are three times more likely to be excluded than non SEN children and thirteen times more likely if the child is also in receipt of free school meals and looked after by a local authority (Scottish Government 2008). Many minority groups feel their voices are not heard and their level of participation in decision making is compromised, this can be a particular concern for children as this ageism can lead to discrimination (ATL 2010). Schools can address this by practicing simple measures ensuring participation such as: children deciding on story endings, meaningful decision making through representative pupil councils and involvement in writing positive behaviour policies (ibid). Engaging children in participation and by listening to their views raises self-esteem and equips children with valuable decision making skills (Clark n.d.). The quality and degree of participation can be assessed using Harts Ladder of Participation; which shows the higher the level of participation the more autonomous the child feels. It also outlines the dangers in appearing to allow children to participate which may be simply tokenistic or manipulative on the part of the adult (Fletcher 2008). Levels of participation links to increased empowerment and the minority group of traveller/gypsy children has consistently been identified as segregated from society and requiring advocacy in order to have equal opportunities (STEP 2009). Due to racial discrimination, cultural mistrust of educational establishments, and the nomadic nature of their lives, the uptake of education has been low and has been influential in rendering empowerment out of reach to the majority of travelling children. In efforts to combat this inequality and provide much needed advocacy, outreach teachers educate the children in their communities whilst trying to encourage mainstream take-up (OHanlon and Holmes 2004). This approach has had limited success in bridging the equality gap and eliminating discrimination and oppression, but has had some success at promoting more positive images of travellers and providing/maintaining vital links with other services (Myers and Bhopal 2009). It is hoped this analysis has been successful in highlighting devastating life-long impacts discrimination and oppression can have on the lives of minority groups in society. These effects span all developmental areas and can result in compromised health, education, life chances thus impinging access to societal services. Complexities surrounding why people discriminate against minority groups can be better understood and more effectively challenged using Thompsons PCS theory. Whilst informal measures are important factors in combating discrimination and oppression their success concerning some minority groups is measured, illustrated in problems encountered by education services integrating disabled children within mainstream education. General consensus appears to be; more funding and training is required rendering this workable. Similarly promoting equal opportunities to non-English speaking children is important, making significant differences to cultural identity and inclusion within the wider community but financial concerns arise. Informal measures have had little impact on travelling communities as they are still generally socially-excluded. Negating effects of discrimination is a complex balancing act with no easy solution.

Compare and Contrast Hinduism and Christianity Essay

A. Christian and Hindu Hinduism is one of the oldest religions of the world. Its followers are called Hindus. Its largest following is found in India. Hinduism traces its roots to the Indus Valley civilization about 5000 years ago. It is an intermingling of the  Ã‚  Ã‚   religion of the nomadic Aryans (indo –European tribes) called Vedism and the more sophisticated indigenous Indian native beliefs and practices, often referred to as â€Å"Indus valley culture†(Famighetti, 1996, 654). It has no single founder or creed but drew on many traditions as it evolved. In spite of the fact that it was subject to many influences (a little Islam practices are incorporated into it) it stayed flexible enough to be the dominant faith of most people of India (Hammer 1982). After the Aryans, Hinduism went through many developments and in 1200 AD the religion was officially named â€Å"Hinduism† by the Muslim invaders. There is a minimal organization in Hinduism and an absence of creed particularly because Hinduism operates more as culture than a religion. The religion is so diverse in scope that it does not fit well into the western concept of religion but rather it leans more to a commitment to or respect for an ideal way of life, known as Dharma: eternal order, righteousness, religion, law and duty (Hammer 1982). In a much later time, a new kind of religious movement, Christianity, was founded around AD 30. Christianity is based upon the teachings of Jesus, a Jewish carpenter who resides in the Roman province of Palestine. He was a popular figure in that part of the world because he was known to perform many miracles of healing. His life and his teachings are found in the Bible– the first four gospels of the New Testament; Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. These gospels were written by diverse authors (excluding Jesus). Jesus Christ is believed to fulfill the prophecy of Messiah (a redeemer of the world) in the Old Testament. In fact, the main teaching of Christianity is that Jesus died on the cross to reconcile sinners back to God. He offers unconditional love and forgiveness to those who accepts him as Lord and Savior. He gained many followers especially after his â€Å"resurrection† and before long, amidst persecutions; Christianity became the official religion of the many provinces of the most powerful Empire in that era, Rome. At present, Christianity is embraced by many countries of the world (Crofton, 1991, 312-313). B.   Two characteristics of each religion The Christians believed in a Triune God; God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit. Although they are three, they are also considered as one (monotheistic). The Christian concept of Trinity is that God is one but manifested himself  Ã‚   in three ways, each with separate function. As God the father, he expresses himself as the Supreme Creator of everything, whether seen or unseen, as God the Son he expresses himself as God born as man (incarnation) with a mission to reconcile man back to God by dying in the cross as a sacrifice for sin, and as God the Holy Spirit he expresses himself as a spiritual Being who indwells Christian believers to impart to them the power and strength to overcome the trials and temptations while living on earth(Boettner , 1976 , 80-81 ). The Hindus, on the other hand believed in a supreme being (Brahman) who is thought to be present in all creatures and that, at the same time, creatures are also considered as part of him. They believed in many different gods and goddesses, but all are considered to be symbols and expressions of Brahman. Each deity can appear in many forms or incarnations. Their most important expressions or manifestations of Brahman are Brahma the creator, Shiva the destroyer and Vishnu the preserver (Crofton, 1994, 304). Although the west may consider the Hindu faith as polytheistic, Hinduism can be viewed as Trinitarian, one God in three major manifestations: Brahman, Vishnu and Shiva. However, Hindus can be accurately described as henotheistic; they adhere to the belief that gods and goddesses are facets, forms, manifestations, or aspects of the one supreme God (Perry, 1988, 230). The Christians also believed that man lived only once on this earth and after he dies he is destined to two places, Heaven or hell. Heaven is for those who lived a godly life on earth, who ask for forgiveness of their sins and acknowledge Jesus as their Lord and Savior. Together with God and his heavenly beings the â€Å"saints† will live a life of bliss forever.   Hell is the destiny of those who persisted in transgressing God’s established Law, revealed to man through the Bible, and to those who did not acknowledge Jesus as their Lord and Savior. They will be with the Devil forever and be tormented without end. Wherever he may end up, death eternally liberates man from a life on earth (Crofton, 1994, 312-313). The Hindus, on the other hand, believed that after a man die he would be reincarnated into another life depending on Karma. Karma can be understood most simply as the accumulated good and bad acts of man’s previous lives, which consequently determines his type of birth, length of life and kinds of experiences in the next life. Hindu concept of reincarnation is the continuous transfer of one’s soul from body to body. Hindus believed that good Karma assures a person of being reborn into a better life. A person with bad Karma may not be reborn in a human body, but perhaps as an animal or insect. In Hinduism, the goal is liberation from an endless cycle of rebirth (Perry, 1988, 230). B. Similarities and Differences between Each Religion’s Concepts of each of the two characteristics, Both religions are similar in their belief of a Triune God (although in Hinduism it cannot be accurately stated that they believe in Trinity because there are other lesser gods and goddesses that vie for worship).   In the two religions the first and second and third persons of the Trinity are similar; as God the creator, God the preserver and God as the destroyer.   However there are obvious and important differences in their characters or functions.   Brahma is considered a very impersonal God because he should not be disturbed by man in fulfilling his duties and obligations as a creator (Cory, 1986, 10). God the Father on the other hand longed to have a personal relationship with man and in fact many verses in the Bible expressed his desire to be man’s provider, sustainer and protector.   He even promised man that whenever man calls him, he would answer him (Thompson, 1983, 812). In the case of Vishnu he is so different from God the Son because of the fact that whenever dharma on earth is threatened Vishnu travels to earth in ten incarnations including as fish and tortoise (Crofton, 1994, 304). God the Son for his part traveled to earth only once to settle the issue of sin (which threatens whatever is good on earth) and to accomplish this mission he was born incarnate as full God and full human in the person of Jesus Christ only. Unlike Vishnu (who lived in milky waters of Vaikunth surrounded by thousands of hooded serpent) he lived a truly human life subject to all of its trials and temptations (McDowell, 1991, 271-276). Lastly, Hindus knew Shiva as a destroyer in a positive way; he destroys imperfections, illusions, desires, attachments, impurities and ignorance for the welfare of the world and those who inhabit it (Perry, 1988, 304). Although God the Holy Spirit can be an agent to dispense judgment on errors like Shiva, he is different from Shiva in the sense that his primary function is to empower men to live a godly life by indwelling in them so that they themselves will overcome whatever is negative in this earth (Thompson, 1983, 1112). Unlike the Brahman who can manifest himself in various forms and in innumerable gods and goddesses, the Christian God does not manifest himself aside from the three mentioned above (Thompson, 1983, 76). Also, while in Hinduism it is believed that all things are part of Brahman, in Christianity God is distinct from his creation. He does not in anyway appear as a fish or tortoise but may use his creation to advance his purposes through the exhibition of his power (Thompson, 1983, 646). With the case of the doctrine of the afterlife, both religions believed that there is life after death and this next life is made possible because of the existence of the immortal human soul. Both religions also believed that whatever man’s state will be in the afterlife is determined by the actions he had while living on earth. However, similarity ends here for both religions because surrounding this doctrine are many obvious differences. In Christianity, there are only two destinations, the good to heaven, and the bad to hell. The human soul is transported to these places and will permanently live there forever. There is no way that his eternal condition can ever be reversed or change. Also his death is the final liberation of human existence, there is no way that he will ever be born again either as man or in any other form. Moreover, his destination will determine whether he will be finally liberated from any human suffering or continue to live with it in eternity. If he ends up in heaven, then he will be liberated from suffering but if he ends up in hell, suffering will be his lot (Crofton, 1994, 312). In Hinduism, however, after the physical death, man is going to be reborn either to a better life or to a worse one depending on karma. Good karma enables him to be reborn to a better life, perhaps from a peasant to a king, or for a bad karma to a worse one from a peasant to an insect. Departed soul search and find out a body, where it can continue doing what ever it left off in the last life. The Hindus believed that as long as the ‘soul’ engages in egoistic and desire ridden actions, considering himself to be the doer of his actions, he will be forever subject to the cycles of birth and deaths and the laws of nature. The only way to be liberated from this endless cycle is to perform selfless desireless actions for humanity and to offer to God detached devotion and sacrifices, acknowledging him as the doer of all (Hammer 1986). This Hindu belief expresses the idea that a person can make up for whatever wrong he did while alive on earth and eventually end up liberated, unlike Christianity where a person can never undo what was done while his was on earth and the consequences of his actions in the afterlife can never be changed. D. Origin and Contemporary Expression of Each Characteristic. Tertullian was the first one to use the word Trinity in 215 AD when the early Christian church was facing a lot of doctrinal errors concerning the existence of God, as various heresies circulated (Cairns, 1967, 122). Although the word Trinity is not stated directly in the Bible nor explained thoroughly nevertheless it was amply implied. Trinity in fact was subject to controversy as it was humanly impossible to understand a â€Å"one God in three persons†. Early Christian scholars were forced to give this doctrine a careful thought and consideration through studying of the Biblical truths. The doctrine of the Trinity is widely accepted by the Christians of today, in fact, it is considered to be central to the Christian faith (Ryrie, 1972, 29).Today Christians make a statement of faith in Trinity through reciting the Apostles’ Creed, the Nicene Creed, and the Athanasian Creed. Celebrating the Trinity takes place the first Sunday after Pentecost. Christians expressed their faith in the Trinity by making the sign of the cross â€Å"In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit† (â€Å"cross†, 2007, 1). But it must be remembered that the Christian concept of God is a monotheistic one. In Hinduism, the vague concept of Trinity is expressed in the Vedanta, a section of the Vedas (foundational scriptures of the Hindus). Vedas is believed to be revelations of God and its teaching are handed down from generation to generation through the gurus. Written Vedas were made around 500 years ago. But generally, the Hindu religion as a polytheistic one derived its concept of many gods also from the Vedas. Contemporary Hindus today visits Hindu temples to worship major Gods and local shrines to worship their local gods and goddesses (Perry, 1988, 230). The origin of the Christian doctrine of life after death, in Hell and Heaven is taken from the Bible. The writings, which eventually were gathered together and came to be known as â€Å"The Holy Bible†, were written over a period of 1500 years by more than 40 different authors living on 3 different continents (Asia, Africa, and Europe). The first book of the Bible were believed to be written by Moses around 1450-1400 BC (Crofton, 1991, 312). The Christians today, just like those who had gone before them, do not expect their loved ones to live again after death except in the final bodily resurrection when Christ returns for the second time. They knew that the physical separation was final. They bury their dead (usually enclosed in a coffin) in a cemetery and visits regularly to pay their respect to the dead (Crofton, 1991, 311). The endless cycle of rebirth is known as Samsà ¢ra by the Hindus. The precise origin of the Indic belief in Samsà ¢ra is uncertain. However, it is a fact that the ancient culture of India celebrated cycles of nature and human –earthly fertility rhythms. The concept of rebirth may be derived from this. Nevertheless, no matter how samsara originated, the doctrine of rebirth became popular in India in the sixth century B.C. The contemporary expression of their belief in reincarnation can be seen in the cremation of their dead. It is believed that as the skull of the dead cracked upon burning in a funeral pyre, the soul of the dead is released for its rebirth in the next life. The ashes of the dead are cast upon the sacred waters of the Ganges River. Also, the Hindus never set a monument for the dead for the person continues life onwards; it is not shackled to the past (Perry, 1988, 231).

Hip Hop And Rap Music - 1584 Words

Hip hop music is one of the most popular genres in present time that rose to prominence in the 1980’s. The hip hop genre was born in the African American community and has since then changed into what it is today. What most individuals don’t know is that originally rap music did not contain such explicit themes as it does now; such as misogyny, drugs, crime, and violence among others. Many people may wonder what led to the introduction of such themes into rap music and why they remained popular. Crime and violence were introduced to rap music as a way to expose the unjust life in the ghettos, and even if it caused many controversies, the theme stayed and revolutionized through the years until it became a commodification. To begin, to†¦show more content†¦That argument is expressed in Rabaka’s book, which says, â€Å"1980’s hardcore rappers understood themselves to be exposing the harsh realities of life in the hood† (252). By the mid 1980’s artist became more aware of the situation their community was going through and decided to change the way they protested. Soon after, rappers began to protest in a way that made it hard to be ignored. The early themes of crime and violence in rap sought to protest and break silence. The time between the 1980’s and 1990’s was critical for the hip hop culture because they were forced to revolutionize. The place that many African Americans called home had been ignored and left to deteriorate, as the book by Rabaka expresses, â€Å"black America in the 1980’s and early 1990’s seemed like and was, thus, like a long-lost wasteland or de-industrialized desert† (255). Since the government was not list ening to their community, individuals developed a way to explicitly protest. Rappers employed violence and crime in music because they wanted to break silence and speak against the inequality that many African Americans were living. The book Hip Hop Philosophy: Rhyme 2 Reasons expresses, â€Å"Violence of some kind was recognized as necessary for breaking the conspiracy of silence, and complacency about economic oppression, police violence, and other social ills of the black inner city,† to explain that crime and violence was needed to make a point (ShelbyShow MoreRelatedHip Hop And Rap Music1699 Words   |  7 PagesHip-hop is a cultured style that started in the 1970’s. Majority of different funk groups began playing disco music at that time it was popular. During this time funk music was technology driven more electronic sounds were being used on the drum machines. Funk was the new dance in the early 70’s. This particular style of singing in which was being used is called rapping, this begun in African American, Urban Areas, Jamaican American, Latino American and many others cities of the United States. 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The Cherokee in The history of Native American - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 768 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Trail Of Tears Essay Did you like this example? Genocides all around the world have been responsible for the deaths of millions of people. Many humans beings are singled out and killed because of the race, ethnic, group religion and being part of a specific national. One of the saddest tragedies in American history is the United States Government the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Cherokee in The history of Native American" essay for you Create order In 1830s, as part of Andrew Jacksons Indian removal policy, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole Nations was forced to give up its lands from their territories in the southeast and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the Trail of Tears, because of its devastating effects (Weeks 67). The Cherokee was divided into two groups those who wanted to move the treaty party and those who wanted to stay the Ross party. Most people supported the Ross party. The chief John Ross wanted to reach an agreement with the government to keep their land because they were separated nations unfortunately it got turn down. The goal of journey was to make Native Americans as much like white Americans as possible, by encouraging to adopt to Christianity, learn to speak and write in English, as well to adopt the European style (Editors). The US promised them the American dreams but it was all a lie. Clearly the government wanted to wipe all their culture, to assimilate them to becoming like white Americans. Which is a form of Genocide. The United Nations define genocide as Any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; and forcibly transferring children of the group to another group (Dunbar-Ortiz). We know this was genocide of Native Americans based on what happened to them by the US government. The government forced many Native Americans off their homelands. This was a very dangerous journey for Indians, which includes thousands of Men, Women, Child. Infants who died of cold, hunger and diseases. The Supreme Courts Decision were responsible for the broken hearts and loss of lives along the Trail of Tears. The US government knowingly that the Native Americans wont make it into this journey because of all the walking, not having appropriate clothes nor food it would be hard for them to reach their next destination. The conditions were terrible most people had to walk bare foot in the winter as well when it was raining, the elderly had to carry things on their back, they had to travel 8 hundred miles to reach their new homes, many died on the way and couldnt get properly burry, they had to bury them on the side of the road, lastly, they had to sleep on the bare ground. According to the book The Inconvenient Indian by Thomas King he said 4,000 Cherokee died on the trail but som e historian claims the number were higher and some lower (King) yet this is still horrible and will be considered a massacre by White Americans. I have learned many things while reading The Inconvenient Indian by Thomas king because he mentioned many massacred that happened to Indigenous Nations as well Native Americans, so I have related it to The Trail of Tears as well many other books to gained some type of knowledge. While doing this essay, I had to do some reaching, while reaching I have learn many new things each step out of the way. Some lots of information that I actually did not know about. I have learned what actually happened along the way with the Five Civilized Tribes who was effected by The Indian Removal Acts, that was very interesting. Also knowing that some Cherokees decided to stay and some decided to leave, so I saw some great resistance and others who just was afraid of them, the fear of facing White Powerful Americans with guns and many more weapons. This is major history; I believed all Americans in the US and Canadians should know about the history of Native American as well Canadian Indigenous, so we can understand the depth of the situation that happened for years and years and how it can still traumatize or influenced so many people. It is generation pain that will never go away. It is blood that runs through each Native, Indigenous Nation and you cannot erase it!